Accurately modeling gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) in terrestrial ecosystems is essential for understanding and predicting the global carbon and water cycles. However, ...
Sea urchins climb onto kelp when their densities are so high they remove all drift kelp and then actively forage on attached, living kelp. (Credit: Steve Lonhart / NOAA MBNMS) Tipping points are the ...